The uniforms worn by the United States Army during World War One, often referred to as “Doughboy” uniforms, were distinct in their design and functionality, reflecting the needs of modern warfare while drawing on established military traditions. These uniforms equipped American soldiers for the trenches of Europe and played a significant role in shaping the visual identity of the American military in the early 20th century.
The Service Dress Uniform
The standard uniform for US soldiers in WWI was the service dress, designed for both parade and general duty. This wool uniform was typically olive drab in color, chosen for its camouflage properties compared to earlier, more conspicuous colors.
Service Coat
The service coat was a four-button, closed-collar jacket made from wool. It featured four pockets: two breast pockets and two lower skirt pockets, all with buttoned flaps. The coat was designed to be functional and durable, suitable for a variety of climates and conditions encountered in Europe. Rank insignia was displayed on the sleeves, and branch of service insignia was worn on the collar.
Breeches
Wool breeches, also in olive drab, were the standard trousers. They were designed to be bloused into leggings or puttees, ensuring a snug fit around the ankles and preventing mud and debris from entering the boots. Breeches were practical for horseback riding, a lingering element of military tradition, and offered a degree of protection and comfort in the field.
Leggings and Puttees
To bridge the gap between the breeches and service shoes or boots, soldiers wore either canvas leggings or wool puttees. Leggings, made of heavy canvas, were laced up the side and provided ankle and lower leg protection. Puttees, long strips of wool cloth wrapped spirally around the leg, served a similar purpose, offering warmth and support. The choice between leggings and puttees sometimes varied based on unit or personal preference.
The Field Uniform and Equipment
While the service dress formed the basis of the uniform, modifications and additional items were crucial for combat in the trenches.
Overcoat
For colder weather, a heavy wool overcoat was issued. This thick, melton wool coat provided significant warmth and protection against the elements, essential for the harsh winters and damp conditions prevalent on the Western Front.
Footwear
The standard footwear evolved during the war. Initially, service shoes paired with leggings or puttees were common. As the war progressed, and trench warfare became dominant, more robust trench boots were introduced. These boots offered better water resistance and ankle support, crucial for navigating muddy trenches and uneven terrain.
Headgear
The iconic helmet of the American Doughboy was the Brodie helmet (M1917 helmet). This steel helmet, adopted from the British, provided vital protection against shrapnel and head injuries in the dangerous environment of trench warfare. Beneath the helmet, soldiers wore a service cap (overseas cap) or a campaign hat when not in combat.
Web Gear and Equipment
Beyond clothing, soldiers were equipped with essential web gear. This included belts, ammunition pouches, suspenders, and packs designed to carry ammunition, rations, entrenching tools, and personal items. The Model 1910 haversack and cartridge belt were standard issue, allowing soldiers to carry necessary supplies while maintaining mobility.
Uniform Evolution and Significance
The US WWI uniform represented a shift towards more practical and functional military attire. While retaining elements of traditional military dress, the emphasis was on durability, camouflage, and protection in the face of modern weaponry and the demands of trench warfare. The Doughboy uniform became a symbol of American military identity in World War One and remains a recognizable part of military history.
This uniform, while simple in many respects, was a crucial element in equipping and preparing American soldiers for the challenges of the First World War, contributing to their effectiveness on the battlefield and shaping their enduring image as the Doughboys of WWI.
