When World War I erupted in Europe in 1914, the United States initially adopted a neutral stance, only entering the conflict in April 1917 after Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare threatened international shipping. Despite facing discrimination at home, African Americans eagerly volunteered and were drafted into military service, continuing a tradition of service dating back to the nation’s founding. However, the reality of their service was often marked by inequality, with many relegated to non-combat roles. Large numbers of African American servicemen were assigned to the Services of Supply, performing crucial but often overlooked labor within stevedore, labor, and engineering battalions. These units were vital in maintaining supply lines and logistical support for frontline troops.
Yet, the narrative of African American participation in WWI extends beyond support roles. The 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions included soldiers who saw frontline combat. Among these, the 369th Infantry Regiment, famously known as the “Harlem Hellfighters,” experienced a unique assignment. In April 1918, this regiment was placed under French command, fighting alongside French forces. Serving with the French Army meant not only fighting on the front lines but also adopting aspects of French military culture, including, most notably, their uniforms. While the exact details of uniform variations might require further specific research, it’s understood that these units would have been equipped to align with French military standards while potentially retaining elements of US Army gear or insignia. Fighting with distinction in battles like the Second Battle of the Marne and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the Harlem Hellfighters earned considerable respect and accolades from their French allies. Private Henry Johnson’s extraordinary bravery earned him the Croix de Guerre, a prestigious French military decoration, making him the first American to receive this honor in WWI. An additional 170 members of the 369th also received the Croix de Guerre, a testament to their collective valor.
Similarly, the 370th Infantry Regiment, nicknamed “Black Devils” by German forces, was also integrated into the French Army. Uniquely, this regiment was commanded by Black officers, demonstrating leadership within the ranks. Corporal Freddie Stowers of the 371st Infantry Regiment exemplified exceptional courage during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Despite suffering mortal wounds, Stowers led his men in an assault that broke through German lines. Although recommended for the Medal of Honor shortly after his heroic actions, it was not until 1991 that he posthumously received the nation’s highest military honor.
The experience of African American soldiers in World War I, particularly those serving with French forces and potentially wearing variations of World War 1 French Uniforms, highlights a complex chapter in military history. While facing prejudice within their own ranks and nation, their bravery and contributions on the Western Front were undeniable, earning them recognition from international allies and paving the way for future generations of African American servicemen.
Resources
Teaching with Documents: Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I
Rediscovering Black History: “And they thought we couldn’t fight”
The Unwritten Record: A Brief Look at African American Soldiers in the Great War
Pieces of History: The 1932 Bonus Army: Black and White Americans Unite in March on Washington
EDSITEment!: African-American Soldiers in World War I: The 92nd and 93rd Divisions
National Museum of the United States Army: Fighting for Respect
Black Soldiers Mattered: Black North Carolinians in World War I
